Activity # 3 Common Models, Structures, and Names

Activity # 3 Common Models, Structures, and Names

1. Methane  (CH₄), an odorless gas, is the primary component of natural gas. The strength of the covalent carbon hydrogen bond is among the strongest in all hydrocarbons. Methane, a biogas (derived from biological sources)  is a greenhouse gas with a global warming potential 22 times the warming ability of carbon dioxide. It is estimated that each year 45,000,000 tons of methane are added to the atmosphere from the "venting" of intestinal gases of large animals. When methane is used as a fuel, small amounts of very strong smelling mercaptans (sulfur containing compounds) are added to allow detection of leaks.

Methane is the simplest alkane (Compounds with only single bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms).

The methane molecule is tetrahedral with a central carbon atom surrounded by 4 hydrogen atoms directed at the corners of a regular tetrahedron.

Ammonia (NH₃) is typically found as a gas possessing  a characteristic pungent odor. Ii is commonly found in household cleaning products. Although a mild base, it can be hazardous if spilled or inhaled. Ammonia is a primary source of biological nitrogen and is the first step in biosynthesis reactions that ultimately lead to proteins, vitamins, DNA and RNA type molecules. Commercially, it is used in preparing fertilizers, explosives and pharmaceuticals. Almost all nitrogen atoms used in biological processes or commercial chemical manufacturing comes form ammonia.

The ammonia molecule has a trigonal pyramidal shape. The nitrogen atom has an unshared pair of electrons that project away from the central nitrogen atom. This unshared pair (a proton acceptor) is what makes ammonia a base. The non-symmetrical shape of the ammonia molecule creates a dipole moment that makes the ammonia molecule polar. This polarity assists in creating a network of hydrogen bonds; an explanation for ammonia dissolving in water.

Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) is a gas that averages ~380 ppm by volume in the earth's atmosphere. It is produced by biological respiration, burning of fossil fuels, and geothermal events such as volcanoes, hot springs and oceanic thermal vents. It is one of the major gasses involved in the greenhouse effect. As a solid ("dry ice") carbon dioxide sublimes (directly converts from solid to gaseous state) above -78 ^oC.

The carbon dioxide molecule has a linear shape determined by two double bonds  (O=C=O) between the center carbon atom and each oxygen atom.

2. 

	IUPAC	Common Name	Molecule Formula
1	Sodium bicarbonate	Alka Seltzer	CHNaO3
2	Ethylene glycol	Antfreez	C2H6O2
3	Sodium hypochlorite	bleach	NaCIO
4	Sulphuric hypochlorite	Battery acid	H2SO4
5	Alloy of copper and zinc	brass	Cu and Zn
6	Calcium carbonate	chalk	CaCO3
7	Sodium hydroxide	Easy off	NaOH
8	Calcium oxide	Lime	CaO
9	Dihydroxyaluminum sodium carbonate	Rolaids	NaAl(OH)2CO3
10	Sodium chloride	Salt	NaCl
11	Aspartame	Nutrasweet	C14H18N2O5
12	Sucrose	Sugar	C12H22O11
13	Calcium carbonate	Tums	CaCO3
14	Acetic acid, thanoic acid	Vinegar	C2H4O2
15	Ascorbic acid	Vitamin C	C6H8O6
16	Ammonia plus detergents, dyes and fragrances	Windex	NH3
17	Silicon dioxide	Sand	SiO2
18	Calcium hydroxide	Plaster	Ca(OH)2
19	Calcium carbonate	Marble	CaCO3
20	Magnesium sulphate	Epsom salts	MgSO47H2O

3.
Carbon: 4
Hydrogen: 1
Oxygen:  2

4. IUPAC stands for International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists. Its task is to come up with appropriate rules for the nomenclature of compounds as well as to create a data base for all the known compounds.
5. 
Laundry Powder Concentrate

Phosphate free to protect the environment. Charged with oxygen to deliver a white and bright wash without harming our most precious resource - nature! The fresh aroma is from Australian eucalyptus oil, which is also prized for its grease cutting properties EcoSafe Laundry Powder Concentrate contains the highest amount of active ingredients that can be packed into a laundry powder - there isno fillers to pad out this economical product; with enzymes to remove proteins and blood; a chlorine scavenger for town water; and an anti-redeposition agent to keep dirt in suspension to prevent it from re-settling on fabric.

  

I believe that this product contains chlorine. A chlorine molecule has the formula Cl_{2 therefore the laundry powder concentrate contains a chlorine molecule therefore a chemical.}